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O Direito Penal Subjetivo e a tese de Anibal Bruno

Ao estudarmos o conceito de "Direito Penal", nos deparamos com as definições de Direito Penal Objetivo - conjunto de normas que regulam a ação estatal, definindo os crimes e cominando as respectivas sanções (MIRABETE, Manual de Direito Penal) - e de Direito Penal Subjetivo - consistente no "jus puniendi", ou seja, direito de punir. Tais definições são consagradas pela doutrina. Uma delas, no entanto, parece-me inexata, para não dizer equivocada. Existiria, realmente, o tal "jus puniendi" do Estado? Existiria um direito - subjetivo - de punir? Anibal Bruno é um dos poucos que contesta a existência de tal direito (também José Frederico Marques se opõe ao jus puniendi do Estado). Afirma o eminente jurista que "a manifestação do exercício da Justiça penal decorre do poder soberano do Estado, do poder jurídico destinado a cumprir sua função de assegurar as condições de existência e a continuidade da organização social" (ANIBAL BRUNO, Direito Penal).
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Com razão o doutrinador. Com todo o respeito, acrescentaria que não se trata de mero poder jurídico, mas poder-dever. Vejamos. A Constituição Federal, lei suprema que submete todo o ordenamento, ao selar o pacto social, dota os indivíduos de direitos e garantias mínimos, sem os quais não há existência social possível. Sem tais garantias e direitos mínimos, o Estado Democrático de Direito simplesmente padeceria, conduzindo o conjunto dos indivíduos ao caos, numa ordem em que vigeria a lei do mais forte ou do mais poderoso. Neste sentido é que a manifestação do exercício da Justiça penal não decorre somente do poder jurídico do Estado, mas do seu poder-dever destinado a cumprir sua função de assegurar as condições de existência da sociedade. Ora, o exercício do direito subjetivo - em nenhuma hipótese - é um dever. Mesmo os direitos indisponíveis, cuja transação é vedada pelo ordenamento jurídico, podem não ser exercidos pelos seus titulares. A característica mais relevante do direito subjetivo está na faculdade que tem o seu titular de exercê-lo ou não. Teria o Estado a faculdade de exercer ou não o seu suposto direito - subjetivo - de punir? Ora, claro que não. Segundo o princípio da intervenção mínima, o Estado só deve punir, através do Direito Penal, as condutas que lesam - ou ameaçam de lesão - bens jurídicos de grande relevância social. E quais são esses bens? Ora, aqueles que, em última análise, estão previstos na Constituição Federal como direitos ou garantias individuais, sem os quais a existência do Estado Democrático de Direito restaria prejudicada, como a vida, o patrimônio, a integridade física, a liberdade etc.
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Assim, o Direito Penal Subjetivo simplesmente inexiste, uma vez que ao Estado não é dado o direito, mas o dever de punir todos aqueles que, com suas condutas, ofenderem direitos ou garantias, em última análise, assegurados constitucionalmente. Correndo o risco de navegar contra a maré, mas permanecendo fiel aos meus princípios e convicções, arrisco afirmar que possível até sustentar a existência de um direito subjetivo - individual e coletivo - à eficiente atuação do Estado com relação ao seu dever de persecução criminal, com o fim de garantir ao(s) seu(s) titular(es) a preservação de seus mais relevantes bens jurídicos. Direito - subjetivo - de punir não.

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